Owning Books Is Not Secession: J&K High Court Rejects ‘Thought Crime’ Detention

Father of Freedom Sheikh Aziz

The Jammu,Kashmir & Ladakh High Court has delivered a significant judgment protecting personal liberty, academic freedom and the principle that a person cannot be subjected to preventive detention merely because of the books found in his possession or because of the past of a family member. In Shafat Maqbool Wani through his paternal uncle v. Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir and Others, Justice Moksha Khajuria Kazmi quashed the preventive detention order issued against a Kupwara academic under the Jammu & Kashmir Public Safety Act (PSA).

The judgment, delivered on September 2, 2026, is important in the context of civil liberties in Jammu and Kashmir because it draws a clear line between possession of literature, family background and actual conduct that may justify preventive detention. The Court found that the authorities had failed to demonstrate a concrete subversive activity attributable to Wani that warranted such an exceptional measure.

The case of Shafat Maqbool Wani
Shafat Maqbool Wani was detained under detention order No. 27-DMK/PSA of 2025, dated September 13, 2025, issued by the District Magistrate, Kupwara. The stated purpose of the detention was to prevent him from allegedly engaging in activities detrimental to the security of the State.

A habeas corpus petition challenging the detention was filed through Wani's paternal uncle. The case was registered as HCP No. 312/2025. Advocate Zahid Hussain Dar represented the petitioner, while Government Advocate Faheem Nisar Shah represented the respondents.

The detention grounds reportedly relied upon several circumstances, including an FIR registered in 2025, allegations concerning separatist ideology, Wani's family background, invitations to academic conferences and literature recovered from his residence. The FIR included provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, as well as the Arms Act.

The High Court examined the detention record and found serious deficiencies in the reasoning used to justify preventive detention.

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Books are not proof of criminality
One of the most significant aspects of the judgment concerns books recovered from Wani's residence.
The authorities had described certain literature as anti-national and allegedly attributed authorship of two books to Wani. These included Construction of an Islamic Order in Hindutva Reimagination and The Saffronization of Occupied Kashmir: Demystifying Hindutva Settlers, Colonial Designers.

However, the High Court found that the books had been wrongly attributed to Wani as their author.

More importantly, the Court went beyond correcting the factual attribution.

It recognised that Wani was an academic scholar and therefore could reasonably be expected to possess a variety of books and other literary material. The Court held that merely possessing books with what it described as “dispiriting titles” does not, by itself, make someone a criminal against whom preventive detention should be invoked.

This is a crucial distinction. Reading a book, possessing a book or studying a controversial political idea is not automatically equivalent to committing an unlawful act.

A democratic legal system ordinarily judges criminal liability by conduct established under law—not simply by assumptions about what a person might believe because of the material found on a bookshelf.

Family history cannot become inherited guilt

Another important part of the case concerned Wani's father.
According to the detention grounds, authorities referred to Wani having been brought up in a family associated with separatist ideology. His father was described as a former militant who had surrendered in 1990. The authorities apparently reasoned that anti-India or separatist feelings had therefore been inculcated in Wani from childhood.

The High Court rejected this reasoning.
The Court characterised the assumption as “delusory”, finding that preventive detention could not be based upon such an imaginary belief without evidence of prejudicial conduct by the detainee himself.
This principle has significance far beyond this individual case. A person's legal responsibility is generally personal. The actions, political history or alleged ideology of a parent cannot automatically be transferred to a son or daughter.

In other words, guilt is not hereditary.
A person whose parent once belonged to an organisation cannot simply be treated as a member of that organisation decades later without evidence of the person's own conduct.

Preventive detention is an exceptional power
The Public Safety Act permits preventive detention in circumstances prescribed by law. Such detention is different from ordinary criminal prosecution because it can restrict a person's liberty without waiting for a conventional criminal trial to establish guilt.

Because preventive detention is such a serious interference with personal liberty, the authorities must satisfy the legal requirements for exercising that extraordinary power.

In Wani's case, the High Court found that the authorities had not demonstrated the necessary connection between the allegations and an actual threat requiring preventive detention. The Court specifically noted the absence of demonstrated “subversive activity” attributable to the detainee that compelled resort to preventive detention.

The judgment therefore reinforces an important legal principle: preventive detention cannot become a substitute for evidence-based criminal prosecution.

If authorities believe that a person has committed an offence, the normal criminal law process remains available. Preventive detention cannot simply be used because authorities suspect a person's ideology or because they consider his reading material objectionable.

The importance of the bail issue
The case also involved an earlier criminal proceeding in which Wani had obtained bail. Reports on the judgment indicate that the authorities referred to the bail order in the detention material, but the High Court found that the detaining authority had not adequately demonstrated an independent basis for concluding that preventive detention was nevertheless necessary.

This aspect is significant because preventive detention requires the detaining authority to apply its own mind to the circumstances. A detention order cannot be sustained simply by repeating allegations contained in a police case.

The authority must establish why ordinary legal proceedings are insufficient and why preventive detention is actually necessary to prevent future prejudicial activity.

A judgment about books—and much more
It would be easy to describe the case simply as a dispute about books. But its implications are considerably broader.

At its heart, the judgment concerns the relationship between knowledge, ideas, expression and state power.

Universities, libraries, researchers, journalists and ordinary citizens routinely possess books covering competing political, religious and historical viewpoints. Scholars may study movements they do not support. Journalists may possess literature produced by organisations they oppose. Historians may examine controversial political ideologies. Students may read material simply to understand an argument.

If possession alone were treated as evidence of allegiance, academic research itself could become dangerous.

The High Court's reasoning therefore provides an important safeguard against treating intellectual curiosity as criminality.

A rejection of “thought crime”
The phrase “thought crime” is a journalistic description rather than the formal legal terminology of the judgment. Nevertheless, it captures the broader concern raised by the case: whether the State can deprive someone of liberty primarily because authorities believe that person's ideas, reading habits or family background indicate a potentially dangerous ideology.

The High Court's answer in this case was clear: there must be a legally sustainable basis connected to the person's own conduct.

The judgment does not mean that books can never constitute evidence in a criminal investigation. Nor does it mean that possession of literature can never be relevant when considered alongside concrete evidence of criminal activity. Rather, the ruling establishes that mere possession of books, particularly when authorship has been wrongly attributed, cannot by itself justify preventive detention.

That distinction is essential.
Release ordered
Having found the detention order unsustainable, the High Court allowed the habeas corpus petition and quashed detention order No. 27-DMK/PSA of 2025 dated September 13, 2025. It directed that Shafat Maqbool Wani be released from preventive custody forthwith, subject to his not being required in another case.

The decision is therefore not merely an observation about books. It is a judicial finding that the particular detention order failed to meet the necessary legal standard.

Why the verdict matters for Kashmir
The judgment comes against a particularly sensitive backdrop in Jammu and Kashmir, where questions concerning political expression, separatism, security legislation and preventive detention have long generated intense public debate.

Its broader message is that security concerns do not eliminate the requirement for evidence and lawful reasoning.

The State undoubtedly has the authority to protect national security and public order. But that authority exists within the constitutional and legal framework governing personal liberty. A person cannot be detained indefinitely merely because officials find his books politically uncomfortable, because his academic interests are controversial or because a parent had a troubled political past.
The judgment consequently represents an important reminder that security and liberty must operate within the rule of law.

For scholars, journalists, students and ordinary citizens, the principle is particularly significant: a bookshelf is not automatically a confession, a family history is not inherited guilt, and an idea is not necessarily an offence.

The High Court's decision in Shafat Maqbool Wani v. Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir therefore stands as an important judicial statement that preventive detention must rest upon demonstrable conduct and legally sustainable reasoning—not speculation about what a person may think, what books he may read, or who his father once was.

UN Again Maps Jammu and Kashmir as a Disputed Region

United Nations

The Jammu and Kashmir dispute continues to occupy a distinctive place in international diplomacy, and maps published by the United Nations remain an important visual reminder of the unresolved nature of the issue. Once again, a United Nations map depicting Jammu and Kashmir has drawn attention because it represents the region in a manner that distinguishes the Line of Control and reflects the fact that the final status of the territory remains disputed.

A map may appear to be a simple geographical document, but in the context of Jammu and Kashmir, cartography has always carried political and diplomatic significance. Boundaries, lines, colours, labels and explanatory notes can become closely associated with competing claims and interpretations. For decades, the region has remained divided between areas administered by India and Pakistan, while China also administers territory claimed by India. The Line of Control separates the principal Indian- and Pakistani-administered parts of the former princely state.

The United Nations does not, through an ordinary map, settle the sovereignty question. Its maps generally include geographical and political disclaimers where boundaries or territorial designations are disputed. Therefore, the appearance of Jammu and Kashmir on a UN map should not automatically be interpreted as the United Nations adopting one country's territorial claim over another's.

Nevertheless, the continued depiction of the Line of Control and the use of disputed-territory qualifications are significant because they demonstrate that the Kashmir question has not disappeared from the international diplomatic record.

Why the UN Map Matters

Jammu and Kashmir became an international issue following the conflict between India and Pakistan in 1947–48. The United Nations Security Council subsequently became involved, and the organisation established mechanisms associated with the ceasefire and monitoring arrangements in the region.

Over time, the ceasefire line was transformed into the Line of Control under the Simla Agreement of 1972. Although the Line of Control functions as a de facto military dividing line, it is not universally recognised as an international boundary. This distinction is particularly important when examining maps.

Modern UN cartographic products therefore tend to distinguish between internationally recognised boundaries, administrative boundaries and disputed or undetermined boundaries. The visual representation of Jammu and Kashmir reflects this complicated political geography.

For observers in South Asia, such maps can therefore attract considerable attention. For India, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh are integral parts of the country. Pakistan maintains its own position concerning the status of Jammu and Kashmir. China administers areas that India claims as part of its territory. These competing positions make the region one of the world's most sensitive territorial disputes.

A Map Is Not a Political Settlement

It is important to distinguish cartographic representation from diplomatic recognition.

A UN map showing a disputed boundary does not itself create a new international border. Likewise, depicting a territory as disputed does not necessarily mean that the United Nations has accepted every claim made by the parties involved.

Maps are produced for specific purposes, and their legends and disclaimers are essential to understanding them. A responsible reading of any UN map should therefore examine the title, publication date, legend, notes and accompanying disclaimer rather than relying solely on the visual appearance of the map.

This distinction is particularly relevant in the age of social media. A cropped image of a map can quickly circulate with a political caption that goes beyond what the original document actually says. The full map and its explanatory notes provide much better evidence.

Kashmir's International Dimension

The Kashmir dispute has a long history at the United Nations. Security Council discussions, resolutions and international diplomatic efforts have repeatedly addressed the issue since the late 1940s.

At the same time, India and Pakistan have pursued bilateral mechanisms at various points, particularly following the Simla Agreement. India's constitutional and administrative changes concerning Jammu and Kashmir in 2019 further intensified international discussion about the region.

The publication of a contemporary UN map does not, by itself, change the legal or diplomatic positions of India, Pakistan or China. Those positions remain matters of international relations, domestic law and bilateral diplomacy.

Yet the continuing presence of the dispute in international cartography demonstrates something important: the political disagreement over the region has not been erased simply because administrative realities have changed.

The Importance of the Line of Control

The Line of Control is one of the most important geographical features on maps of Jammu and Kashmir. It represents the military line separating the Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions of the former princely state.

Unlike a mutually recognised international border, the Line of Control reflects a political and military reality created through conflict and subsequent agreements.

Its depiction on international maps therefore provides geographical context without necessarily resolving the underlying sovereignty question.

This is why the wording accompanying a map matters as much as the map itself. A line on a map can describe administration, control or a disputed boundary. These concepts should not be treated as interchangeable.

Why the Issue Continues to Attract Attention

For people across the region, Jammu and Kashmir is much more than a line on a map. It is connected with history, identity, politics, security, displacement, development and the lives of millions of people.

For India, the central position is that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of the country. Pakistan continues to regard Kashmir as a disputed territory whose final status remains unresolved. China has its own territorial claims and administers areas contested by India.

Against this background, international maps inevitably receive political attention.

The latest UN depiction should therefore be understood in its proper context. It is a cartographic representation produced by an international organisation, not a referendum, court judgment or new diplomatic agreement.

A Continuing International Question

The recurring appearance of Jammu and Kashmir in UN cartographic material serves as a reminder of the complexity of the dispute. Decades of conflict and diplomacy have produced a geographical reality that cannot be adequately explained by a single line or a single political narrative.

A map can show where administrations exercise control. It can identify the Line of Control. It can indicate disputed boundaries. But it cannot, by itself, determine sovereignty.

That determination requires political, diplomatic and, where applicable, legal processes recognised by the relevant parties and institutions.

For this reason, the renewed discussion surrounding a UN map of Jammu and Kashmir should encourage closer examination rather than simply political slogans. The most important questions are: What map was published? When was it published? What does its legend say? What disclaimer accompanies it? How does it distinguish administrative control from internationally recognised boundaries?

Those details provide the foundation for understanding what the map actually communicates.

Sher-e-Pir Panjal: Surinder Choudhary

The Smiling Politician with a Serious Side

Surinder Choudhar

Surinder Choudhary has a personality that often disarms people before politics even enters the conversation. He is witty, approachable and almost always smiling, with a natural ability to make people feel comfortable in his presence. Yet behind that easy-going personality lies a politician known for taking public issues and responsibilities seriously.

Those who meet him often notice this contrast. His humour and informal manner create an atmosphere of familiarity, while his approach to political and social issues reflects determination and seriousness. It is perhaps this combination that has helped him develop a strong personal connection with ordinary people.

Senior National Conference leader Dr. Farooq Abdullah has repeatedly spoken appreciatively of the contributions and public service of leaders associated with the party, and Choudhary's political and social engagement has earned respect within the organisation. Choudhary himself has often expressed admiration for Dr. Farooq Abdullah and the political legacy that he represents.

But perhaps the most revealing measure of Choudhary's popularity is found not in political speeches but among the people who approach him. There is a perception among many ordinary citizens that meeting “Choudhary Sahib” does not necessarily require a problem or official work. People come simply to see him, exchange a few words, share their concerns or enjoy his company.

That personal accessibility is unusual in contemporary politics, where public representatives can sometimes appear distant from those they represent. Choudhary's smiling face, conversational style and willingness to engage with people have contributed to an image of a leader who remains accessible.

For his supporters, this is more than personality. They see it as part of his politics — a belief that a public representative must remain connected to the public.

The result is a distinctive political persona: a leader who can laugh with people, listen to them and, when the occasion demands, become deeply serious about their concerns.

It is this unusual combination of humour, accessibility and political seriousness that has helped Surinder Choudhary build a following beyond conventional party politics — and strengthened his image as one of the prominent political voices of the Pir Panjal region.

In the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir, where the Pir Panjal mountains have historically connected communities, cultures and political constituencies, Surinder Kumar Choudhary has emerged as one of the most prominent political faces of the region. His supporters increasingly describe him as the “Sher-e-Pir Panjal” — the Lion of the Pir Panjal, a sobriquet reflecting his political journey, his Nowshera base and his growing presence in Jammu and Kashmir politics.

Born in 1968 and associated with Nowshera in Rajouri district, Choudhary's political career has not followed a straight road. He entered electoral politics through the People's Democratic Party and contested from Nowshera. He later joined the BJP in 2022 before moving to the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference in 2023.

His decisive political moment came in the 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections. Contesting on an NC ticket from Nowshera, Choudhary defeated BJP leader and former party president Ravinder Raina by 7,819 votes. The victory was significant not merely because of the margin, but because Nowshera had become closely associated with Raina's political influence.

That electoral victory transformed Choudhary from a regional political contender into a central figure in the new elected government. On 16 October 2024, he took oath as Deputy Chief Minister in Omar Abdullah's government. His elevation also carried a wider political message: Omar Abdullah said that choosing a Deputy Chief Minister from Jammu was intended to ensure that the people of the Jammu region felt represented in the government.

As Deputy Chief Minister, Choudhary was assigned important responsibilities including Public Works (R&B), Industries and Commerce, Mining, Labour and Employment, and Skill Development. These portfolios place him at the intersection of infrastructure, employment, industry and economic development — areas that are particularly important for the relatively remote and strategically significant Pir Panjal belt.

His political significance also comes from his ability to occupy a distinctive space within the National Conference. He is the party's prominent representative from the Jammu region and, particularly after his victory over Raina, became an important bridge between the NC-led administration and Jammu's political concerns. The choice of Choudhary as Deputy Chief Minister was therefore both administrative and symbolic.

The Pir Panjal region has long possessed a political identity of its own. Nowshera, Rajouri and adjoining areas combine border realities, difficult terrain, rural economies and diverse communities. For a politician rooted in this landscape, development is not merely a political slogan; roads, employment, education, healthcare and connectivity have direct consequences for everyday life.

Choudhary's journey — from electoral setbacks to political realignments and finally to the Deputy Chief Minister's office — illustrates the unpredictable nature of Jammu and Kashmir politics. Whether the title “Sher-e-Pir Panjal” becomes a lasting political identity or remains a supporters' slogan will ultimately depend on his performance in office.

For now, however, Surinder Choudhary stands as one of the most recognisable political voices emerging from the Pir Panjal belt — a leader whose rise from Nowshera to the highest levels of the J&K government has given the region a powerful new political presence.

Gor’s Kashmir Remarks: A U.S. Position, Not a Shift in the UN’s Longstanding Approach Introduction

Kashmir dispute

Recent remarks by U.S. Ambassador Sergio Gor describing Jammu and Kashmir as “an important part of India” have generated considerable political and diplomatic discussion. The statement has been welcomed by sections of Indian opinion as an indication of Washington’s position, while others have interpreted it as potentially significant for the wider Kashmir dispute. However, it is important to distinguish between an individual diplomatic statement and the established position of the United Nations on the Kashmir issue.

The United Nations’ approach to Jammu and Kashmir has developed over decades, beginning with the dispute that came before the Security Council in 1948. The Security Council adopted a series of resolutions concerning the situation, including resolutions addressing a ceasefire, demilitarisation and the principle that the final status of the territory should be determined through a process involving the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The historical circumstances and subsequent developments have made implementation of those resolutions highly contentious.

The key point is that a statement by a U.S. diplomat does not alter United Nations resolutions or automatically constitute a change in UN policy. The United States and the United Nations are separate entities, and Washington's diplomatic position cannot rewrite the institutional record of the UN Security Council.

The Kashmir issue has also evolved significantly since the original UN resolutions were adopted. India and Pakistan have fought multiple wars and conflicts over the region, while the political and constitutional circumstances within Jammu and Kashmir have changed substantially. India has repeatedly maintained that Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of the country and that the issue should be addressed bilaterally with Pakistan. Pakistan, meanwhile, continues to maintain that Kashmir remains an internationally disputed territory and supports the right of Kashmiris to determine their political future.

The United Nations itself has generally avoided presenting the Kashmir issue as a matter that can be resolved through unilateral declarations by another country. Statements from UN officials have historically emphasized the organisation’s established position and the importance of resolving disputes through peaceful means.

Therefore, Gor’s remarks should be understood primarily as a statement of the position expressed by a senior U.S. official, rather than as evidence of a fundamental transformation in the United Nations’ longstanding approach to Kashmir.

At the same time, such remarks can have political and diplomatic significance. Statements by major powers are closely watched in New Delhi, Islamabad and Srinagar because they can influence perceptions of international support. Diplomatic language can also signal changing priorities, even when it does not formally change international law or UN policy.

For Kashmir, however, the distinction is crucial. Political statements may change from government to government, but the historical record of the United Nations cannot be altered by a single remark.

Gor’s comments may therefore be important in understanding the current direction of U.S. diplomacy, but they should not be presented as a major shift in the longstanding United Nations position on the Kashmir dispute. The broader question remains whether India and Pakistan can eventually find a peaceful political framework capable of addressing their differences and the aspirations of the people of the region.

Kashmir Himalayan Shilajit Witnesses Strong Growth in Price and Global Demand

Shilajit for sale

Kashmir's famous Himalayan Shilajit is experiencing remarkable growth in both price and international demand. Premium-quality Shilajit, once selling for around ₹98,000 per kilogram, is now reportedly fetching nearly ₹1.61 lakh per kilogram, reflecting the increasing popularity of this rare natural resin in domestic and overseas markets.

Found in the high-altitude Himalayan mountains, Shilajit has been used for centuries in Ayurveda and traditional medicine. Rich in minerals and fulvic acid, it is valued for its potential to support energy, vitality, and overall wellness. As consumers worldwide increasingly seek natural health supplements, authentic Himalayan Shilajit has become one of the most sought-after herbal products.

Shilajit is a mineral-rich natural substance traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenating and vitality-supporting substance. It is often marketed for male sexual health, libido, energy and reproductive wellness.

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According to the information provided, approximately 20 containers of Shilajit have been exported from Srinagar during the past five months to destinations including Qatar, Dubai, North America, and Canada. If independently verified, this would indicate a significant expansion of Kashmir's herbal export industry.

The continued rise in global demand offers new opportunities for collectors, processors, exporters, and entrepreneurs across Jammu and Kashmir. At the same time, experts emphasize the importance of sustainable harvesting to protect fragile Himalayan ecosystems and ensure long-term availability.

With growing international recognition and strong market demand, Kashmir's authentic Himalayan Shilajit has the potential to become one of India's leading premium herbal exports. The reported price and export figures should be independently verified through official trade or government sources before being treated as confirmed facts.

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From Back Pain to Agriculture: How Comfrey Changed My Life

How Comfrey Plant Changed My Life

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Sometimes, the most difficult chapters of our lives can lead us toward unexpected opportunities. My journey from severe back pain to farming success is one such story. What began as a painful and uncertain period in my life eventually introduced me to the comfrey plant and, through years of learning and hard work, opened a new path in agriculture.

My story began in 1999, when I suddenly developed serious back pain. Initially, I hoped that the problem would improve with treatment and rest. Unfortunately, my condition gradually became worse. The pain began affecting my ability to work and carry out ordinary activities. Eventually, I became almost completely disabled and spent nearly a year on bed rest.

For someone who had been active and interested in work, this was an extremely difficult period. Being unable to move freely or work normally affected not only my physical life but also my confidence about the future.

I underwent treatment and explored different options, but my recovery was slow and frustrating. At one stage, I felt that I had reached the end of my options.

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Then I discovered comfrey.

Discovering the Comfrey Plant

One day, while searching for information about plants and their traditional uses, I came across comfrey. I immediately became interested in this unusual perennial herb.

Comfrey is a vigorous plant capable of producing a large amount of green biomass. Its broad leaves and rapid growth make it particularly interesting for gardeners and organic farmers. I also learned about its traditional association with external preparations for bruises and other minor injuries.

Because I was struggling with back pain at the time, naturally I paid particular attention to information about its traditional uses.

I began studying the plant more seriously.

Instead of simply reading about comfrey, I decided to grow it.

That decision became the beginning of a completely new chapter in my life.

From Experiment to Cultivation

My first objective was simply to understand the plant. I wanted to know how it grows, how it multiplies, what type of soil it prefers and how much biomass it can produce.

As I gained experience, my interest moved from personal experimentation toward agriculture.

I discovered that comfrey has an important place in discussions about organic farming and natural fertilizer production. Its leaves can be composted, used as mulch or processed into plant feed. When combined appropriately with materials such as cow dung and other organic matter, comfrey biomass can become part of a nutrient-rich composting system.

This opened my eyes to an important principle of agriculture: sometimes the value of a plant is not limited to its fruit, seed or flower. A plant's leaves, roots and biomass can also have agricultural value.

I began experimenting with comfrey as a source of green biomass and organic fertilizer.

The results encouraged me to continue.

Comfrey and Organic Fertilizer

One of the most interesting aspects of my work has been exploring the relationship between comfrey and organic manure.

Cow dung has been used traditionally by farmers as an important source of organic matter. When properly composted with plant material, it can contribute to soil fertility and improve the organic content of agricultural soils.

Comfrey can complement this approach because of its vigorous growth and substantial leafy biomass.

I began learning how comfrey leaves could be incorporated into composting and natural fertilizer systems. Through observation and experience, I developed a greater appreciation for the potential of plant-based fertilizers.

For farmers interested in reducing waste and building more sustainable agricultural systems, plants such as comfrey can be valuable resources.

However, organic fertilizer must be prepared and applied properly. More is not always better, and farmers should consider the requirements of their specific crops and soils.

My Personal Health Experience

My connection with comfrey was also deeply personal.

During my difficult period with back pain, I became interested in the plant's traditional uses. I personally felt that working with and using comfrey was associated with an improvement in my condition. This experience gave me hope at a time when I desperately needed it.

But with years of experience, I have also learned the importance of separating personal experience from scientific medical evidence.

My story should not be interpreted as proof that comfrey cures back pain. Comfrey contains compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can cause serious liver injury when certain preparations are taken internally. Therefore, comfrey should not be consumed internally unless specifically advised by a qualified healthcare professional, and products intended for external use should be used according to appropriate safety guidance.

For me, the most important part of the story is not claiming a medical cure.

It is that discovering comfrey gave me a new direction.

From Back Pain to Farming

As my interest in comfrey grew, agriculture gradually became an important part of my life.

I started focusing on cultivation, propagation and planting material. I learned through practical experience—planting, harvesting, multiplying and observing the plant through different seasons.

What started as curiosity slowly developed into a serious agricultural activity.

The plant that I first encountered during one of the most difficult periods of my life eventually became connected with my livelihood.

This transformation taught me something valuable: agriculture can create opportunities even from plants that many people overlook.

Today, I see comfrey not simply as an herb but as an agricultural resource.

From Farming to Business

Farming becomes sustainable when production is connected with a market.

Over time, I began working with comfrey planting material and organic fertilizer applications. I developed an interest in supplying plants to farmers, gardeners, nurseries and people interested in organic agriculture.

My experience also showed me that a successful agricultural business does not necessarily require a huge farm at the beginning.

A person can start small, learn continuously and expand gradually.

Comfrey is particularly interesting because it is a perennial plant. Once established under suitable conditions, it can continue producing biomass for years with proper management.

This makes it attractive for people exploring perennial crops, organic inputs and diversified farming.

Through years of work, my comfrey-related activities became commercially successful, and I have earned crores of rupees from my work connected with this plant.

For me, however, the financial success is only one part of the story.

The bigger achievement was discovering a purpose when I had almost lost hope.

What Comfrey Taught Me

Comfrey taught me to look at agriculture differently.

It taught me that every plant has possibilities that deserve to be studied.

It taught me that failure and difficulty can sometimes lead to new discoveries.

Most importantly, it taught me that farming is not simply about putting seeds into soil and waiting for a harvest. Modern agriculture can include nursery production, propagation, organic fertilizers, value addition, marketing, research and entrepreneurship.

A small plant can therefore become the foundation of a much larger agricultural enterprise.

A Message to Farmers and Young Entrepreneurs

My journey from back pain to farming success is a reminder that opportunities can emerge from unexpected places.

If you are interested in agriculture, do not limit yourself to conventional crops. Explore perennial plants, medicinal and aromatic plants, organic inputs, nursery businesses and sustainable farming systems.

But do your research before investing.

Learn how the plant grows. Understand the market. Start with manageable production. Maintain quality planting material. Build relationships with customers and farmers. Most importantly, never stop learning.

My own journey did not happen overnight.

It began with pain.

It continued with curiosity.

Then came experimentation, cultivation, hard work and business.

Today, when I look back at 1999, I see that the period I once considered one of the darkest times in my life ultimately pushed me toward a completely different future.

Back Pain to Farming Success

My story is not simply the story of a plant.

It is the story of transformation.

In 1999, back pain left me bedridden and uncertain about my future. Years later, agriculture gave me a new identity and a livelihood. Comfrey became an important part of that journey.

From back pain to farming success, the comfrey story is a story of hope, persistence, learning and opportunity.

I believe that nature still has countless opportunities waiting to be discovered. Sometimes, the answer is not found in something extraordinary. Sometimes, it begins with an ordinary green plant growing quietly in the soil.

For me, that plant was comfrey.

And that is how my journey went from back pain to agriculture, from agriculture to entrepreneurship, and from a difficult beginning to farming success.

Pecan Farming for Beginners: How to Establish a Profitable Orchard

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Pecan Kashmir

Nine Nuclear-Armed Countries: Who Has Actually Used Nuclear Weapons?

The claim that “nine countries have nuclear weapons, but only one has ever used them” sounds dramatic—and it contains an important historical distinction. Today, nine states are generally recognized as possessing nuclear weapons: the United States, Russia, China, France, the United Kingdom, India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea. Yet when it comes to using nuclear weapons in war, the historical record is very different.

The United States is the only country to have used nuclear weapons in armed conflict. In August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Hiroshima bombing took place on August 6, followed by Nagasaki on August 9. Japan announced its surrender days later, bringing World War II to an end.

This does not mean America is the only country that has ever detonated a nuclear weapon. That distinction is crucial.

Several other nuclear-armed states have conducted nuclear tests. The Soviet Union carried out its first nuclear test in 1949, followed by the United Kingdom in 1952, France in 1960, China in 1964, India in 1974, Pakistan in 1998, and North Korea beginning in 2006. Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons but has maintained a policy of nuclear ambiguity and has not officially acknowledged conducting a nuclear test.

Therefore, saying that “only America has ever used nuclear weapons” is accurate if “used” means used against an enemy in wartime. If the word includes nuclear testing, however, the statement becomes misleading because several countries have detonated nuclear devices during weapons tests.

The distinction matters because nuclear weapons have shaped international politics for more than eight decades. After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world entered the nuclear age. The United States and Soviet Union subsequently built enormous arsenals, creating the doctrine of mutually assured destruction, under which a nuclear war between major powers could potentially result in catastrophic destruction for both sides.

Today, nuclear weapons remain a major component of global security and geopolitical competition. India and Pakistan, for example, possess nuclear arsenals while maintaining a long-standing rivalry. North Korea has continued developing its nuclear and missile capabilities, while China, Russia, the United States and other nuclear powers maintain significant arsenals.

The viral exchange therefore raises a legitimate historical question, but it should be presented carefully. Nine countries possess nuclear weapons, while only one country—the United States—has used nuclear weapons in warfare. Several other nuclear powers have nevertheless conducted nuclear tests.

The difference between possessing, testing and using nuclear weapons in war is essential to understanding the history of the nuclear age.

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Pakistan, Turkey and the Emerging Middle East Power Shift: Is a New Regional Alliance Taking Shape?

Pakistan Saudi Arabia defence agreement

China–Turkey–Pakistan military airlift reportedly continued for 90 hours, with weapons and defence supplies allegedly rushed into Pakistan. If confirmed, could this shift the regional security balance and impact India?

The Middle East and surrounding region may be entering a new phase of geopolitical realignment. Rising tensions between Israel and Turkey, Turkey’s expanding military role in Syria, Pakistan’s growing strategic relationship with Saudi Arabia and Turkey, and closer consultations between Pakistan and Iran have created a situation that is attracting global attention.

Turkey has become an increasingly important military and political actor in Syria. Ankara regards developments in Syria as directly connected to its national security, while Israel has repeatedly expressed concern about the expansion of Turkish military influence there. Recent tensions surrounding Israeli strikes and Turkish activities in Syria demonstrate that the relationship between the two countries could become increasingly difficult.

At the same time, Pakistan is becoming more important in the emerging regional security architecture. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Turkey have strengthened their defence cooperation, reflecting a shared interest in regional security and strategic coordination. Pakistan possesses one of the region's most capable militaries and maintains long-standing defence relationships with several Muslim-majority countries.

Saudi Arabia is also pursuing a more independent foreign-policy strategy. Riyadh has relationships with the United States and Western countries while simultaneously developing closer ties with China, Turkey, Pakistan and other regional powers. This gives Saudi Arabia considerable diplomatic influence.

Iran represents another major factor. Although Iran's strategic interests do not always perfectly coincide with those of Turkey, Saudi Arabia or Pakistan, Tehran has maintained important diplomatic and security discussions with Islamabad. The possibility of greater communication among these countries could significantly affect the regional balance.

Egypt, too, remains strategically important because of its population, military capability, control of the Suez Canal and influence in Arab diplomacy. However, it would be inaccurate to describe Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Pakistan as a single military alliance. Their interests overlap in several areas, but they also have significant differences.

The most important question is therefore not whether these countries are already preparing for a unified war against Israel, but whether a new regional balance of power is emerging.
If Pakistan were ever directly drawn into a major regional conflict, the consequences would be extremely serious. Pakistan has a large and experienced military, strategic partnerships with several countries and a significant geopolitical position between South Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia. However, claims that Pakistan entering a conflict would automatically lead to the destruction or disappearance of Israel are highly speculative. Modern conflicts involve enormous military, economic and diplomatic consequences, and no country's participation guarantees a particular outcome.

The world is therefore watching the developing situation closely. Turkey's position in Syria, Saudi Arabia's defence partnerships, Pakistan's strategic relationships, Iran's regional influence and Egypt's diplomatic role could collectively contribute to a new geopolitical framework.

The coming years may reveal whether these relationships develop into a formal security partnership or remain flexible cooperation based on individual national interests.

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35A Bricks – Build Your Home with Confidence

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17,000 Kg's of Dried Elderberries Exported from Kashmir: A New Opportunity for the Himalayan Berry Industry

Elderberry farming in Kashmir

The export of 17,000 Kg'sof dried elderberries from Kashmir marks a significant step forward for the region's emerging medicinal and functional food sector. Known for its pristine Himalayan climate and rich biodiversity, Kashmir has long been recognized for producing premium horticultural crops. The growing international demand for dried elderberries now presents an exciting opportunity for farmers, processors, and exporters to diversify beyond traditional fruit cultivation.

Elderberries are valued worldwide for their rich nutritional profile and natural plant compounds. They contain antioxidants, anthocyanins, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and various polyphenols that make them a popular ingredient in herbal products, dietary supplements, syrups, teas, jams, and functional beverages. As consumers increasingly seek natural, plant-based products, demand for dried elderberries has expanded across global markets.

The export of 17,000 Kg's of dried elderberries demonstrates the commercial potential of Kashmir's temperate fruit sector. Countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia continue to import dried berries for use in the food, nutraceutical, and herbal industries. High-quality Himalayan produce can command premium prices when processed according to international quality and food safety standards.

Kashmir's cool climate, fertile soils, and abundant water resources provide favorable conditions for elderberry cultivation. The region is home to native elder species and also has the potential to cultivate improved commercial varieties suitable for berry production. With proper orchard management, harvesting techniques, and post-harvest processing, growers can produce berries that meet export specifications.

Value addition is another important factor driving the industry's growth. Instead of selling fresh berries alone, producers can generate higher returns by processing elderberries into dried fruits, powders, extracts, herbal teas, concentrates, and natural food ingredients. These products have a longer shelf life, lower transportation costs, and greater market appeal in the international trade of health-focused foods.
The expansion of elderberry cultivation could also benefit rural communities by creating employment opportunities in farming, berry collection, drying, grading, packaging, storage, and export logistics. Small-scale processing units can encourage entrepreneurship while increasing farmers' incomes through value-added production.

However, sustained export growth requires investment in quality assurance and certification. International buyers expect consistent product quality, proper drying methods, hygienic processing facilities, traceability, and compliance with food safety regulations. Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and internationally recognized quality standards can strengthen Kashmir's reputation as a reliable supplier of premium dried elderberries.
Research institutions and horticulture departments also have an important role in identifying high-yielding varieties, improving cultivation practices, developing disease management strategies, and providing technical guidance to growers. Training in modern processing technologies and export marketing can further enhance the competitiveness of Kashmiri elderberry products.

The export of 17,000 Kg's of dried elderberries highlights the growing potential of Kashmir's medicinal and specialty fruit sector. As global demand for natural health products continues to rise, elderberries could become another valuable export alongside the region's renowned horticultural produce. With continued investment in cultivation, processing, quality certification, and international marketing, Kashmir has the opportunity to establish itself as a recognized supplier of premium Himalayan elderberries to global markets.

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Kashmiris and the Historic Postal Network with Central Asia

The Kashmir-Central Asia Economic Corridor

Long before the arrival of modern postal departments, telegraphs, railways, and digital communication, the people of Kashmir played an important role in maintaining communication between South Asia and Central Asia. Situated at the crossroads of ancient trade routes, Kashmir served as a strategic gateway linking the Indian subcontinent with regions such as Yarkand, Kashgar, Khotan, Samarkand, Bukhara, Tibet, and beyond. Along these routes, merchants, scholars, diplomats, and travelers relied on trusted couriers and caravan networks to transport letters, official documents, commercial records, and personal messages across thousands of kilometers of rugged mountain terrain.

The Valley of Kashmir occupied a unique geographical position. Surrounded by the Himalayas, the Karakoram, and the Pir Panjal ranges, it connected several important mountain passes leading toward Ladakh and Central Asia. These routes formed part of the broader Silk Road network, through which not only goods but also ideas, religions, technologies, and cultures traveled. Communication was essential for the success of this vast trading system, and Kashmiris became known for their role in facilitating it.

Before formal government postal systems were established, communication depended largely on human effort. Messages were carried by experienced couriers traveling on foot, horseback, yak, mule, or camel caravans. Merchant caravans often transported correspondence alongside valuable merchandise. A trader leaving Srinagar for Yarkand or Kashgar might carry letters for fellow merchants, government officials, or families separated by long distances. In many cases, trusted caravan leaders acted as unofficial postmasters, ensuring that correspondence reached its intended destination safely.

The famous caravan route from Srinagar through Sonamarg, Zoji La Pass, Drass, Kargil, Leh, and onward across the Karakoram toward Yarkand was one of the most significant communication corridors in Asia. Although the journey was long and dangerous, these routes remained active for centuries. Couriers crossed snow-covered passes, freezing rivers, deserts, and high-altitude plateaus, often risking their lives to maintain communication and trade.

Trade was the principal reason these postal networks flourished. Kashmir was renowned for its exquisite pashmina shawls, silk textiles, saffron,dried fruits, herbs, carpets, paper, woodcraft, and other luxury goods. Central Asian traders brought horses, silk, jade, precious stones, wool, leather, tea, and numerous other products into Kashmir. Successful commerce depended on reliable communication. Merchants needed to send orders, negotiate prices, arrange transportation, settle accounts, and confirm deliveries. Letters carried through caravan networks made long-distance trade possible long before telephones or electronic communication.

The communication system also served governments and rulers. Kings, governors, tax officials, and diplomatic representatives exchanged official correspondence across these mountain routes. Political developments, military movements, taxation matters, trade regulations, and diplomatic negotiations required dependable methods of transmitting information. Trusted couriers became an essential component of governance, carrying confidential documents between administrative centers.

Kashmiri merchants developed strong commercial communities throughout Central Asia. Historical accounts describe thriving Kashmiri settlements in cities such as Yarkand and Kashgar. These communities maintained close relationships with families and business partners in Kashmir. Letters frequently traveled between these settlements, allowing merchants to coordinate trade, exchange financial information, and preserve family ties despite being separated by vast distances.

Religious and cultural exchanges further strengthened these communication networks. Buddhist monks, Islamic scholars, Sufi saints, pilgrims, and students traveled through Kashmir on their journeys across Asia. Religious manuscripts, books, educational materials, and scholarly correspondence often accompanied merchant caravans. These exchanges contributed significantly to the spread of knowledge, literature, philosophy, medicine, and artistic traditions between South Asia and Central Asia.

The efficiency of these early communication systems depended largely on trust. There were no computerized tracking systems or printed postage stamps. Instead, merchants relied on longstanding reputations and personal relationships. Caravan leaders became respected figures because their honesty and reliability determined whether valuable correspondence and goods reached their destinations. A trustworthy courier could establish a reputation lasting generations.

Seasonal conditions strongly influenced communication. Heavy snowfall often closed mountain passes during winter, temporarily suspending travel. Consequently, many merchants carefully planned departures during spring and summer when routes became accessible. Entire trading seasons were organized around the opening and closing of these mountain passes. Despite these natural obstacles, communication resumed each year with remarkable consistency.

The arrival of Dogra administration in the nineteenth century introduced greater administrative organization to communications within the region. Later, under British influence, more formal postal systems gradually developed. Nevertheless, caravan-based communication remained important for many remote areas connected with Central Asia until geopolitical changes in the twentieth century transformed international borders and trade routes.

The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and subsequent political developments significantly affected these historic routes. International boundaries, changing diplomatic relations, and the closure of traditional caravan corridors gradually brought centuries-old communication systems to an end. Modern roads, air transport, telephones, and electronic communication replaced the ancient methods that had connected Kashmir with Central Asia for generations.

Today, the history of Kashmir's role in these communication networks remains an important part of the region's heritage. Museums, travel accounts, government records, and historical studies document the remarkable journeys undertaken by traders and couriers across some of the world's most challenging landscapes. Their efforts demonstrate how determination, trust, and cooperation enabled communication long before modern technology.

It is important to recognize that these communication networks were not operated exclusively by Kashmiris. Rather, they were sustained through the combined efforts of Kashmiris, Ladakhis, Baltis, Central Asian merchants, caravan leaders, porters, and local communities who worked together across the Silk Road. Kashmiris were among the most active participants because of Kashmir's strategic location and its vibrant trading traditions, but the system itself was a collaborative network spanning many regions and peoples.

The story of Kashmir's historic postal connections with Central Asia illustrates the importance of geography, commerce, and human cooperation. Across towering mountains and vast deserts, generations of traders and couriers carried messages that strengthened trade, diplomacy, education, and cultural exchange. Their achievements remind us that effective communication has always been essential to civilization. Long before the digital age, these remarkable networks connected distant societies and helped make Kashmir one of the great crossroads of Asia.